summary:                                                                                                                                              

The run time uses the following steps to resolve an assembly reference:

1. Determine the correct assembly version by examining applicable 

configuration files, including the application, publisher policy, and 

machine policy configuration files. In a Microsoft Internet Explorer Web 

scenario where the configuration file is located on a remote machine, the 

run time must locate and download the application configuration file first. 

This step only occurs for strong-named assemblies. Since simple named 

assemblies don't undergo version checking, policy files are not checked.

2. Check whether the assembly name has been bound-to before and, if so, use 

the previously loaded assembly.

3. Check the global assembly cache. If the assembly is found there, the run 

time uses this assembly. This step only occurs for strong-named assemblies.

4. Probe for the assembly using the following steps:

1) If configuration and publisher policy do not affect the original 

reference and if the bind request was created using the Assembly.LoadFrom 

method, the run time checks for location hints. 

2) If a code base is found in the configuration files, the run time checks 

only this location. If this probe fails, the run time determines that the 

binding request failed and no other probing occurs. 

3) Probes for the assembly using the heuristics described in the probing 

section below. If the assembly is not found after probing, the run time 

requests the Windows Installer to provide the assembly. This acts as an 

install-on-demand feature. 

4) Finally the directory the caller loaded from is used as the last probing 

location.

Note: searching the GAC only occurs for the strong-named assemblies.

The following article comes form: 

 

So you're ready to deploy version 1.1 of your library, and you'd like it to replace version 1.0 for existing applications. Or perhaps something else has globally upgraded to 1.1, and you need to downgrade it for a particular application where 1.1 is causing problems. Handling these issues for .NET applications is the job ofruntime binding policy. In this article, I'll explain the basics of runtime binding policy, and show you how you can customize the process for your own applications.

 

.NET applications use two different types of assemblies: private assemblies and shared assemblies. Private assemblies are identified by their name and are deployed for the use of only a single application. Shared assemblies are identified by a strong name (a type of digital identity that includes the name of the assembly, its version number, its culture identity, and a public key token).

 

When you build an assembly, information about all other assemblies that it refers to is stored in the assembly manifest. The manifest, however, does not store the exact path of the assembly because this path may might differ on the computer where the assembly is deployed. At runtime, when a class is referenced, the Common Language Runtime (CLR) reads the assembly manifest, retrieves the identification information for the referenced assembly, and then attempts to locate the referenced assembly. The mechanism used by the CLR to locate a private assembly is different from that used for a shared assembly. It's easy for the CLR to tell the difference, because public key tokens are only stored in the manifest for shared assemblies.

Binding Policy for Private Assemblies

Here are the steps that the CLR takes when you call code from a private assembly:

1. The CLR uses the manifest to determine the name of the requested asembly.
2. The CLR checks to see whether the requested assembly has already been loaded. If it has, then the CLR binds to the loaded copy and stops searching.
3. The CLR checks your application's configuration file to see whether it contains any path hints. Path hints are stored in the <probing> element, as in this example:
   This particular example adds the bin\path1 and bin\path2 folders to the list that the CLR checks for private assemblies.
4. The next step depends on whether the referenced assembly is for a particular culture. Either way, the CLR checks a list of locations for the assembly, but the list differs. If there is no culture information, then the search order is as follows:If none of these locations yields a copy of the assembly, then the binding process fails and your application won't run.
   • ApplicationBase\AssemblyName.dll
   • ApplicationBase\AssemblyName\AssemblyName.dll
   • ApplicationBase\PrivatePath1\AssemblyName.dll
   • ApplicationBase\PrivatePath1\AssemblyName\AssemblyName.dll
   • ApplicationBase\PrivatePath2\AssemblyName.dll
   • ApplicationBase\PrivatePath2\AssemblyName\AssemblyName.dll ]
   • ApplicationBase\AssemblyName.exe
   • ApplicationBase\AssemblyName\AssemblyName.exe
   • ApplicationBase\PrivatePath1\AssemblyName.exe
   • ApplicationBase\PrivatePath1\AssemblyName\AssemblyName.exe
   • ApplicationBase\PrivatePath2\AssemblyName.exe
   • ApplicationBase\PrivatePath2\AssemblyName\AssemblyName.exe
   If there is culture information for the target assembly, then the search list is a bit different:
   • ApplicationBase\Culture\AssemblyName.dll
   • ApplicationBase\Culture\AssemblyName\AssemblyName.dll
   • ApplicationBase\PrivatePath1\Culture\AssemblyName.dll
   • ApplicationBase\PrivatePath1\Culture\AssemblyName\AssemblyName.dll
   • ApplicationBase\PrivatePath2\Culture\AssemblyName.dll
   • ApplicationBase\PrivatePath2\Culture\AssemblyName\AssemblyName.dll ]
   • ApplicationBase\Culture\AssemblyName.exe
   • ApplicationBase\Culture\AssemblyName\AssemblyName.exe
   • ApplicationBase\PrivatePath1\Culture\AssemblyName.exe
   • ApplicationBase\PrivatePath1\Culture\AssemblyName\AssemblyName.exe
   • ApplicationBase\PrivatePath2\Culture\AssemblyName.exe
   • ApplicationBase\PrivatePath2\Culture\AssemblyName\AssemblyName.exe
   Here, ApplicationBase is the directory in which the requesting application is installed, AssemblyName is the name of the assembly to locate, Culture is the culture code for the target assembly, and PrivatePath1and PrivatePath2 are the hints provided in the <probing> element of the application configuration file. Of course, if there are more than two hints, each one is searched in turn. As soon as the CLR finds a matching assembly, it binds to the assembly and stops searching.

Binding Policy for Shared Assemblies

Here are the steps that the CLR takes when you call code from a shared assembly:

1. The CLR determines the correct version of the assembly to load by examining the applicable configuration files. I'll explain this process in the next section of this article.
2. The CLR checks to see whether the requested assembly has already been loaded. If it has, then the CLR binds to the loaded copy and stops searching.
3. The CLR then checks for the requested assembly in the Global Assembly Cache (GAC). If the assembly is in the GAC, then the CLR uses that copy and stops searching.
4. The CLR next looks for a <codebase> element in the application's configuration file. If one is present, it checks that path for the assembly, loading it if found.
5. If the requested assembly hasn't been located yet, the CLR proceeds to search for it as if it were a private assembly, following the rules from the previous section.

Determining the Proper Version

Here's where it gets fun. Remember that I started the article by discussing scenarios in which you might like to customize the binding process? You can do this with a series of configuration files that allow you to tell an application to use a particular version of a shared assembly, even if it was compiled with a different version. These binding policies are applied at three levels:

1. Application Policy Resolution
2. Publisher Policy Resolution
3. Administrator Policy Resolution

In the application policy resolution stage, the CLR checks for a <bindingRedirect> tag in the application's configuration file, similar to this example:

This file tells the CLR to load version 1.1.0.0 of MyCalledAssembly, even though the application was compiled to use version 1.0.0.0.

In the publisher policy resolution stage, the CLR checks for a policy file distributed with the assembly itself. A publisher policy file starts as an XML file, very similar to an application configuration file:

This particular publisher policy file tells the CLR to use version 1.1.0.5 of the assembly to satisfy requests for version 1.0.0.0. Before a publisher policy file can take effect, it must be compiled, using the al.exe tool:

al /link:policy.1.0.MyCalledAssembly.config /out:policy.1.0.MyCalledAssembly.dll /keyfile:..\..\MyKeyFile.snk

The compiled publisher policy file can then be installed in the GAC along with the assembly to which it refers. Publisher policy files generally override application policy. However, you can force your application to ignore a publisher policy file by adding <publisherPolicy apply="no"/> to your application configuration file.

The final stage in applying policy rules is administrator policy resolution. The administrator of a computer can specify system-wide binding rules in the machine.config file. These rules override both application policy and publisher policy. These machine.config settings use the same format as the binding policy settings in the application configuration file.

GUI to the Rescue

You can configure both application binding policy and administrator binding policy without editing XML files by hand. These are among the tasks that the .NET Framework Configuration tool (which you can launch from Start-Programs- Administrative Tools) can perform. If you launch this tool and expand the tree, as shown in FIgure 1, you'll find two places where you can work with configured assemblies.

Figure 1: Working with configured assemblies in the Microsoft .NET Framework Configuration Tool

A configured assembly is simply one that has an explicit binding policy. The Configured Assemblies node directly beneath My Computer lets you set administrator policy for configured assemblies. The other nodes, beneath specific applications, let you set application policy for configured assemblies. To work with a specific application in this tool, click on the Applications node, select "Add an Application to Configure," and follow the instructions to add your application to the tree.

Whether you're working at the application or the administrator level, the procedures here are the same. Click on one of the Configured Assemblies nodes, and you'll have two choices. The first choice allows you to add a new configured assembly to the list for the application or computer. The second allows you to view a list of all configured assemblies. From the list, you can double-click an assembly to set its properties. Figure 2 shows the properties dialog box.

Figure 2: Setting policy properties for a configured assembly

The properties dialog box has three tabs:

• The General tab shows the basic identifying information for the assembly and (for an application policy) allows you to override any publisher policy.
• The Binding Policy tab lets you specify the mapping between the version that an application requests and the version that the CLR actually delivers.
• The Codebases tab lets you tell the CLR where to find particular versions of the assembly.

Rules of Thumb

As with some other areas of the .NET Framework, binding resolution offers an overwhelming number of options. I'll leave you with some thoughts on ways in which you might choose to use these options.

• If you don't have any compelling reason to get into the process, don't. Just messing around for the sake of messing around won't help you out.
• Publisher policy files are for publishers. The best time to use them is when you're issuing a service pack for a component, and want to make sure that people get the benefits of your fixes. But remember, the application developer can still override your policy file.
• On the other hand, as an application developer, don't override publisher policy unless you've got a specific reason.
• The prime reason for an application-level binding policy is to provide upgrades for an application that's already deployed. When a new version of a shared component comes out that your application can benefit from, an application policy file will allow you to provide these benefits without recompiling or replacing existing installations.
• Finally, as an administrator, you may make rare use of an administrator policy file to help keep a machine in a known good state. If there's a shared network component with a bug, for example, you can use an administrator policy file to make sure that the bug-fixed version is uniformly used by all of the .NET applications on the box.